Modern Day Piracy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2900 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Modern Day Piracy Examining the Case of Somalia Introduction When speaking about pirates people often envision scenic Caribbean vistas of a bygone era, but today piracy has experienced a renaissance and is one of the biggest threats to global trade and security. In the last ten years incidents of piracy have more than quadrupled going from 90 reported cases in 1994 to 455 cases in 2003.1 Modern day pirates have become a serious threat to international waters and their exploits have become more and more daring, targeting bigger and more high profile ships. In the areas of Southeast Asia and especially the Horn of Africa, trade has become so perilous that it has forced the hand of the worlds most powerful nations as well as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Modern Day Piracy" essay for you Create order Powerful international regulations have frequently been made to combat the growing threat of these pirates but often states lack the capacity to deal with these so-called criminals. The legislation put forward is also faced with the harrowing task of how to get to the deeper causes of piracy within states. Many of the most recent proposals are mere band-aids while policy makers keep skirting the more dubious issues of failed states, severe poverty, and past infringements on sovereignty. Without addressing these key issues there is no hope in solving the crisis of high seas piracy. The question remains then what are the best kind of policies to deal with piracy, and are they being used effectively in the real world? This paper aims to prove that without a better understanding of situation in Somalia, it will be impossible to combat piracy in the area, and we must further investigate best practices if any real progress is to be made. This will be done by giving a short history of th e international laws and regulations 2 Ellora Howie Modern Day Piracy regarding modern day piracy. The paper will then point out how these historical understandings have made defining piracy very problematic and difficult in todays circumstances. It will then examine the case study of Somalia where piracy has had its greatest resurgence. Lastly, the paper will conclude with a discussion of the responses of the UN and the world at large and the direction that they are taking thusly. History of Applicable Law Piracy has long been considered a hostis humani generis, or the enemy of the human race.2 Legislation regarding it goes all the way back to ancient times, with the first recorded instances being found in Justinians Digest in 529 AD and in King Johns Ordinance of 1201.3 In the modern context, the first major piece of legislation regarding piracy came in the form of the 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas. It set out 8 key provisions for suppressing piracy. It was later followed by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, this convention did not really build on the Geneva Convention on the High Seas, but rather reaffirmed the intentions of the earlier treaty. One of the most important contributions of this treaty was its definition of piracy, which remains largely unchanged today. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea sets out the definition as such: Piracy consists of any of the following acts: (a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of de predation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed to: (i) on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft; (ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any Modern Day Piracy Ellora Howie 3 State; (b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft; (c) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a) or (b).4 This definition presents many problems. The first problem, that of defining piracy as committed for private ends, is immediately apparent. Although piracy is usually used a form of livelihood for those who cannot find employment in the tumultuous and poverty stricken country from which they come, piracy often takes on a political character. In Somalia, pirates justify their action in the Gulf of Aden and around the Horn of Africa as a form of protest against over-fishing and waste dumping in their territorial waters.5This would then suggest that Somali pirates are actually sea terrorists. Another definitional problem is the two boat paradigm that the Convention sets out. This fails to address the problem of internal seizures and that hijacking is not always one boat attacking another boat. Cases where the crew or passengers take over a vessel for either private or public gains can hardly then be considered an act of piracy. Lastly there is the issue that this definition sets out piracy as only existing on the high seas, disregarding all actions within the territorial waters off a states coast and dismissing them as sea robbery. This definition needlessly compartmentalizes piracy when it would be more effective to deal with it as a whole. Piracy in Somalia and The Gulf of Aden The deficiencies of this definition come into plain view in the case of Somalia. Approximately 20,000 ships pass through the Gulf of Aden adjacent to the Indian Ocean each year, transporting cargo that includes 12 percent of the worlds daily oil supply.6 With its failed state status and the high levels of traffic passing by its shores, Somalia has become a hotbed for pirate activity. Its 4 Ellora Howie Modern Day Piracy 4-Ellora HowieModern DayPiracy- coastal waters have become more and more dangerous with cruise-liners being shot at, aid deliveries being jeopardized, and the crewsof fishing, recreational, and aid vessels being taken hostage forransom.7However, most troubling of all is that, between 2005 and 2007, the number of attacks and attempted attackson privateshipping vessels in the area hasexceeded that ofboth the MalaccaStraits and South China Sea combined. These areas were previously considered to be the epicentres of piracy in the world.8The chaos found at sea radiates out from the Somali mainland.Somalia has lacked a functioninggovernment since 1991 whichwas preceded byyears of instability. The internationallyrecognized Transitional Federal Government(TFG) has littlepower over the country. As previously mentioned, much of the motivation forpiracy derives from over fishing and pollution in Somali waters. With Transitional Federal Government having little or no sovereign authority to enforce territorial sea rights, over-fishing has become abundant. More than 700 foreign vessels, some ofthem armed, have taken advantage of this and haveconductedunlicensed fishing or have been fishing under the license of localwarlords.9Another problem that has plagued theSomali people isthe constant dumping of hazardous materials into their waters by foreign parties.10According to a spokesman from the UNEnvironmental Program who conducted an investigation in 2005, theres uranium radioactive waste, theres lead, theres heavymetals like cadmium and mercury, theres industrial waste, andtheres hospital wastes, chemical wastes,you name it.11According to thereport from this investigation, the reason for thisis cost. It is estimated that it costs $2.50 per ton to dump toxicwaste in Africa compared to $250 per ton to dump waste inEurope.12This has only added to the local fishing communitieshardships.One of the powerful motivations to engage in piracyhowever, is money. Some ships and crew fetch as much as $3million in ransom.13The annual haul for Somali pirates wasapproximately $30 million in 2008, although some estimates place- Modern Day Piracy Ellora Howie 5 that figure at more than $100 million. To put this into context, the money collected in ransom revenue exceeded the entire budget of the Puntland government for that year.14 Pirates in Somalia mainly tend to be out of work fisherman or former militia members of the Somali warlords.15 They primarily come from the Puntland region of Somalia and are part of the various clans and o rganisations stationed there.16 There appears to be no real unification or clear command structure, although they seem to be operating as an ad hoc branch of organized crime. Some press reports have suggested that the pirates are being controlled and directed by the Islamic insurgents in south-central Somalia.17 There is no evidence, however, to support this assertion. However, the money collected from the ransoms is clearly going into the hands of an elite few, as evidenced by the construction boom taking place in the port cities of Somalia.18 There are no reported numbers of how many pirates reside within Somalia, only that the number is on the rise from previous years.19 Pirates have been able to be so successful mainly because of their ability to effectively adopt technology into their operations. One of the most significant advances is their use of mother ships.20 Mother ships transport small pirate skiffs further from the coastline than they would be able to go by themselve s. This allows them to go after bigger targets in international waters. Not only are these ships easily mistaken as small fishing boats, they are far more manoeuvrable than the ships they attack. Pirates have also adopted technology in other areas. Not only do they have small automatic and semi-automatic weapons, but they also commonly possess man-portable air defence systems and rocket propelled grenades. They also have better ships and weapons than would be expected, and commonly use GPS systems to help then spot ships from greater distances.21 6 Ellora Howie Modern Day Piracy With all of these factors converging, the Gulf of Aden has witnessed some of the most high-profile incidents of piracy of modern times. One of the most publicized attacks was the seizure of a Ukrainian freighter, the Faina, that was transporting 33 T-72 Russian tanks and depleted uranium ammunition to Kenya for consignment to the Sudanese Peoples Liberation Army on September 25, 2008. The Faina was late r released in mid-February 2009. The pirates reportedly earned more than $120 million in ransom money for the ship, cargo, and personnel.22 Another alarming hijacking incident happened only two months later involved the 1000 foot supertanker, the Sirius Star, from Saudi Arabia. It was headed to the United States and carried more than $100 million in oil.23 Incidents like these demonstrate the possible implications of pirate attacks. If the Sirius Star had been sunk or damaged (as is often threatened if shipping company owners refuse to meet the pirates demands), it could cause an oil spill of such magnitude that it would have huge environmental ramifications. Additionally, in a time of such economic hardships, shipping costs have increased exponentially. In the Indian and Pacific Oceans, maritime piracy have cost shipping companies somewhere in the neighbourhood of $13-$15 billion annually in losses. In recent months, insurance rates have soared. Premiums for a single transit thr ough the Gulf of Aden, for example, have risen from $500 to as much as $20,000.24 This has caused shipping companies to greatly decrease or stop all business in the area. Many companies have decided to forego the use of Suez Canal all together and choose alternate routes that are longer and more costly in order to avoid the Gulf of Aden. 25 International Response The threat of piracy to international security has drawn much attention from global organizations and world leaders alike. This has prompted the UN Security Council to take action. In 2007 the International Maritime Office prompted the Somali TFG Modern Day Piracy Ellora Howie 7 to advise the Security Council that, it consents to [foreign] warships or military aircraft . . . entering its territorial sea when engaging in operations against pirates or suspected pirates endangering the safety of life at sea.26 Resolution 1816 was issued by the Security Council in June of 2008, and embodied these principles. It called for increased coordination among those States with naval assets off Somalia; better information-sharing and cooperation over Somali piracy among and between States, international bodies and regional organizations; and encouraging States and organizations to provide technical assistance to Somalia and nearby coastal States.27 What was significant about this part icular resolution was that states had to be approved by the Somali TFG and identified to the Secretary General as cooperating before they were allowed to follow pirates into Somali water and use all necessary means to repress acts of piracy.28 The resolution was then given a six month term after which point it would be terminated. This was a major landmark in the fight against piracy as Resolution 1816 and subsequent resolutions marked that piracy was finally being taken seriously by the international community.29 National and regional naval forces took full advantage of the rights that this new resolution provided them. To counter the threat of piracy, many nations have deployed warships to the Gulf of Aden in order to conduct patrols and escort ships. NATO and the European Union have both sent ships to participate in Combined Task Force 51.30 Naval forces from the United Kingdom, Canada, Turkey, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Pakistan, India, Iran, Russia, and other countries have also been deployed to the area.31 Even China, for the first time, has contributed warships to the effort.32 However, this shared military 8 Ellora Howie Modern Day Piracy initiative has been met with limited success and the number of hijacked ships has actually increased.33 Another solution suggested is to adopt the best practices of Southeast Asia which has had a long history in dealing with piracy. The Malacca Straits were once classified by Lloyds of London (an insurance company) as a war risk to shipping in 2005-2006.34 One of the reasons this area was so successful in reducing the occurrences of piracy was the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP).35 ReCAAP was signed by sixteen Asian states including Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam on November 11, 2004.36 The goal s of the agreement were to prevent and repress piracy, arrest pirates, seize ships or aircrafts used in committing piracy, and to rescue the victim ships and crews. The member states planned achieve these goals by sharing information, cooperating in legal and judicial endeavours for the prevention and suppression of piracy (including extradition and mutual legal assistance), and cooperation in capacity building. This included technical assistance such as educational and training programmes.37 This agreement obligates each state to cooperate fully in order to combat piracy. This agreement also created a central Information Sharing Centre (ISC), located in Singapore, in order to make information more readily available to states.38 The ISC is composed of the Governing Council, which is the decision-making body made up of one representative from each state, and the Secretariat which is headed by the Executive Director, who is responsible for administrative, operational and financial mat ters.39 Another route that Southeast Asia has taken to combat piracy was to establish a tripartite surveillance regime. Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore banded together in order to provide Modern Day Piracy Ellora Howie 9 maritime air surveillance in the Malacca and Singapore Straits. Their efforts have shown a significant reduction of cases of piracy in the region.40 In the spirit of ReCAAP, African countries have started the process of setting up their own information sharing system. The beginnings of this can be seen at the Tanzanian Conference where states created a draft nonbinding regional memorandum of understanding.41 They chose to make it nonbinding over the concern that, if they did make it binding, it would take substantially longer to be passed through national parliaments.42 The draft does not establish a single information centre like ReCAAP, but instead Kenya, Tanzania, and Yemen offered to be communications and reporting centers and prescribed that other states should chose a single national focal point for the exchange of information.43 Another important divergence from the ReCAAP model is their recognition of the discussion on the concept of ship riders.44 Ship riders are law enforcement officers that are (usually) from nearby coastal state and accompany foreign vessels on their route. These ship riders are then able to enforce their own states law against pirates. This is done so that foreign traders will not have to deal with judicial duties and trying pirates in their own domestic courts. Ship riders also may have to ability to authorize the pursuit of a pirate vessel into their territorial waters. The draft of the Tanzania Conference does not recognize this fully however. It instead provides a mechanism by which a State participant may request ad hoc permission from a coastal State to continue pursuit of a suspect pirate vessel into its territorial waters.45 Such a request is made much more accessible through the creati on of single contact points laid out by the draft regional memorandum of understanding.46 If it is adopted, it could offer an effective regional answer to the crisis of piracy. However, whether 10 Ellora Howie Modern Day Piracy or not the draft will be implemented and what it will look like if it is, remains to be seen. Conclusion Piracy has deep roots within our history but there has been a problem of evolving our definitions as piracy itself has evolved. Somalia is a clear example of this as it presents a new conception of why piracy occurs, who exactly these pirates are, how they have adapted, and the possible challenges they present for the future. There have been a variety of attempts to deal with the problem but it is clear that piracy will not simply disappear by throwing

Low Visibility - 1008 Words

The short story â€Å"Low Visibility† by Margaret Murphy is a fictional story, which deals with many topics, such as violence, love, hate, oppression, and right and wrong and the story is told by an un ­instructed and omniscient 3. person narrator who tells the story as it unfolds. The plot takes off in medias res as we are thrown into a scene where Laura s husband John is watch ­ing television without any introduction. The structure in the story lets us jump a bit back and forth between two settings, as we are shown what is happening in the streets though Johns television, while we are also following the main characters in the apartment. So the story unfolds two places: the streets and John and Laura s apartment. The setting shows that Laura†¦show more content†¦Laura realizes that a person has ability to change. She is revived. â€Å"She feels herself returning – the particles of herself that her hus ­band caused to flee are returning into her† (P12 l. 161-163). She considers killing him with a brick, but chooses the Tigers Eye instead which is placed in her other hand. The Tigers Eye symbolizes that she is focus, patience like a tiger who concentrates on its desire. In this case, Laura s desire is to be free. The most important is the importance of fighting for your rights and freedom. Laura’s marriage has reduced her to a simple object with no liberty or human rights. As the story however approaches, she realizes that she will have to stand up against her husband, if she wants the situation changed. When Laura walks away, she walks away to be invisible again, to join the invisible people (P. 12 l. 173). She fight oppression and changed the situation, like it is naturally to fight oppression. Some ­times you need a little push like Laura did, but essentially it is inevitable. It secures human survival, and it secured her mental survival. â€Å"A window explodes behind her, sending cascades of glass, mu ­sical, deadly, to the pavement. 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Marketing and Entrepreneurshipb of Frozen †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discusss about the Marketing and Entrepreneurshipb of Frozen. Answer: Peters the frozen desserts giant, with its expertise in Ice Cream is in the limelight for introducing new range of products. Peters to roll out a new range of frozen desserts have joined forces with Arnotts to provide Australias favorite and most recognized flavor that taste like old school biscuits. Arnotts reputation of being the best baker of inquisitive biscuit, have worked hard to replicate the mouthwatering taste of Ice Vovo, Wagon Wheel Original, Caramel Clown and Mint Slice biscuits as frozen treat (Clarke 2015). Peters and Arnotts both have posted their new launch of the product on Facebook, both have received an appalling response of praise from the crowed, supporting the new innovation. Peters head of the marketing stated that, the new product would bring the taste of nostalgia among customers (Kilara and Chandan 2013). The new range of product and the flavor will compete with other flavors; thus, will bring a healthy competition among different flavors of the world. Every Australian will enjoy the new product, as the traditional flavor of Arnotts biscuit in new form and in new style will raise the curiosity of many (Powell, Harris and Fox 2013). However the company is segmenting the market for the age group of 18-30 thus, targeting the market that is already familiar with the taste of Arnotts biscuits. The innovation will be much appreciated by the people who are already fan of Arnott biscuits, as it will bring out the nostalgia of childhood. The widely anticipated glories of Arnotts biscuit in form of Ice cream will create a huge market for the brand (Goff and Hartel 2013). Both the companies aimed to bring the on demand flavor in a new form to surprise it customer base. The success of the product will be immense in the current market, as Arontts biscuits are legendary which holds the legacy to appease the Australian taste buds (Kilara and Chandan 2013). Moreover, every segment of the population loves a scoop of Ice Cream and bringing new flavor in the market will bring the glory days back for both the companies (Powell, Harris and Fox 2013). It will also give the Australians something to cherish upon. The four unique flavors resurrected to please the taste bud, will definitely attract new crowd. On popular demand this flavors are brought in the form of ice cream and thus, will create necessary buzz for marketing of the product. The new product will be available in the frozen aisle section of every store (Clarke 2015). The prices of the new launches are at a reasonable rate to encourage the buyers form the target market. Frozen desserts competitors will now have to be quite innovative to stay in the race; it can be done either by reducing the existing price or introduction of new flavors. Flavors like Wagon wheels, Iced vovo, Mint slice and Caramal Crown definitely have the edge to do well in the market. In addition, being available in all major retail store will make sure that every Australian gets a piece of this delightful treat (Goff and Hartel 2013). Demographic of a target group has a significant influence over the buying behavior of the target market. Organizations use demographic segmentation of the target group to identify the customer base of the organisation. Ones the organization identifies its customer base, and then they use audience specific advertisement and promotion to allure the customers. In the recent years, there had been a significant amount of change in the International market, due to numerous factors such as population growth rate and size, size and nature of the family, age composition and income level. The size and nature of the population determine the demand and need for many products (Bricker and Foley 2013). In a recent research, it was found that 58 countries have a population lower than a million; these countries may not be of any interest for large countries, however, small firms may find the desirable market in these countries. The potential is high in these market, thus competition in the market is much severe than the largely populated nation (Hilt and Lipschultz 2016). A decline in birth rate and drop in the size of the baby population in many high-income nations, poses a threat to many businesses, Baby products in these market have shrunk (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2013). Many of the companies have repositioned their products to pay attention to international business. Although, this scenario has seen a boom in other industries such as hotels, restaurants, and airlines, as childless couples have money and time to dine and travel outside. The number of old people has increased recently than the younger; as a result, by 2040 the number of old will be even greater. Thus, medicine and health industry will see a boom, creating a huge number of job opportunities in the scientific research and healthcare sector (Parment 2013). Central banks are overwhelmed due to reduced birth rate and longer lifespan as it unable to escalate long-term interest rates. Thus, the situation will also r edundant for Insurance and Finance sector, as the baby boomers saved all through their lives, the benefit will be consumed more than it yielded. Ageing of baby boomer is the reason of inequality as lack of bargain power that kept the wages down for rest of the population (Bricker and Foley 2013). Old age will also benefit sectors like travel and tourism as after retirement, baby boomers may feel the urge to explore or travel or may go out on a devotional journey this it will also benefit hotel and restaurants. Population growth rate has an adverse effect on countries economy but holds a huge market for business (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2013). For example, a country with high population can supply enormous numbers of labor, low percentage of the population of these countries if have the luxury to purchase more, then collectively the number of people will be greater than the total population of many countries (Hilt and Lipschultz 2016). In this era, people are migrating from rural to a n urban area in search of better lifestyle and opportunity. Similarly, the crowd from developing countries is migrating to developed countries for a better prospect and future. Thus, it will affect the GDP of all countries with respect to demographic change. Small families compared to large families also have added benefit in the economy driven country (Parment 2013). References Bricker, N.Q. and Foley, M.C., 2013. The effect of youth demographics on violence: the importance of the labor market.International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV),7(1), pp.179-194. Clarke, C., 2015.The science of ice cream. Royal Society of Chemistry. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013.International marketing. Cengage Learning. Goff, H.D. and Hartel, R.W., 2013. Analyzing frozen desserts. InIce Cream(pp. 403-436). Springer US. Hilt, M.L. and Lipschultz, J.H., 2016.Mass media, an aging population, and the baby boomers. Routledge. Kilara, A. and Chandan, R.C., 2013. Frozen Dairy Foods.Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition: Production, Composition and Health, pp.435-457. Parment, A., 2013. Generation Y vs. Baby Boomers: Shopping behavior, buyer involvement and implications for retailing.Journal of retailing and consumer services,20(2), pp.189-199. Powell, L.M., Harris, J.L. and Fox, T., 2013. Food marketing expenditures aimed at youth: putting the numbers in context.American journal of preventive medicine,45(4), pp.453-461.

The `Liberal Tories Essay Example

The `Liberal Tories Essay A member of the Tory party believes that the monarch and the Church of England is supreme and will respect their authority. Tories are against parliamentary, and social reform, and due to their belief in the superiority of the protestant church of England, they are also strongly against Catholic emancipation, they did not think that Catholics should have the same rights as others just because of their religion. On the other hand, a Liberal favours individual liberty, free trade and moderate parliamentary and social reform, generally, they are not against Catholic emancipation. In conclusion, a Tory and a Liberal have completely opposite beliefs; therefore will be on different sides of the government. Between 1822 and 1827, the Tory government set up many `Liberal reforms in order to try and improve the countrys economy and industry (especially trade). The first set of reforms were the Economic policies. These reforms aimed to improve Britains trading position with the rest of the world based on the introduction of free trade (a liberal policy). Liverpool was known to support this idea, and he argued to reduce tariffs and taxes imposed on imports from abroad. David Ricardo saw free trade as a part of a national crusade to improve the economic condition of Britain, and Adam Smith argued that the less restrictions there are on the development of an economy, the more successful it would become. The Reciprocity of Duties Act in 1823 was the first example of the new liberal reforms set out by the Tory government in order to improve Britains economy, and to stabilise the state. It attempted to change the navigation laws passed in the 17^th century designed to protect British ships from competition from the Dutch. We will write a custom essay sample on The `Liberal Tories specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The `Liberal Tories specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The `Liberal Tories specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In response to this, any European ports excluded British ships from their ports, affecting British trade. The Reciprocity Act of 1823 overcame these obstacles by allowing free entry of foreign ships into Britain. The aim was that not only would it be seen as a gesture of goodwill abroad, it would also reduce the costs of imports to British manufactures hopefully resulting in an increase in the countrys GMP. The next step to improve British trading was to relax the restrictions on trade with Britains colonies, which had previously been under strict control. As a result of Huskissons influence, the colonies ould now trade with foreign countries, however the government attempted to retain their support by ensuring that duties were lower on goods trading between Britain and the colonies than non-Imperial trade. The final economic reform set up by the new `Liberal Tory government was the reduction of domestic duties, influenced by Robinson. Robinsons main focus was the reduction of import duties on a variety of raw materials, customs and excise duties. These reductions aimed to encourage demand and improve economic stability. Robinson managed to reduce indirect taxation on a variety of goods. To some extent, all of these economic reforms do support the view of the new `Liberal Tory government. While improvements in the economy were intended to increase the standard of living, there also had to be improvements in the living and working conditions as well as an attempt to improve the legal system for the government to be labelled `Liberal Tory. In 1824, the first of two major social reforms were set up; the repeal of the Combination Laws. Trade unions had been banned since 1799 because of the government belief that they posed a threat to the stability of the state. However, in 1824, trade unions were set up to protect the interests of the workers against exploitation by the employer. Radical MPs such as Sir Francis Burdett and Joseph Hume believed that once workers rights were reinstated there would be an improvement in the relationship between employer and employee, as a result, in 1824, the combination laws were repealed. The penal code (the judicial system) was in desperate need of reform, over 200 offences carried the death penalty, even for just stealing a piece of bread. Research has shown that some of these `criminals that ad been put to death were in fact innocent. The prisons were filthy and unkempt and in urgent need of improvement. Between 1823 and 1830, Peel as home security passed a whole series of reforms that transformed the rather outdated system he inherited. The penal code was modernised, and the death sentence was abolished for over 180 offences. In 1823, the Gaols (Jails) Act was passed, this improved conditions in the prisons. Finally, Peel established the Metropolitan police in 1829; this attempted to stem the alarming rise in crime in Britain. Overall, the social and economic reforms set up between 1822 and 1827, do support the title `Liberal Tory. But there were still many areas that needed reform that the government did not address, for example the lack of parliamentary reforms and catholic emancipation; making the improvements carried out seem less effective in improving the British economy and the peoples discontent. The title `Liberal Tory contradicts itself, making it seem almost impossible because Liberals and Tories are completely different parties with opposite beliefs and priorities. Liberals favour ndividual liberty, free trade, and parliamentary and social reforms; as well as catholic emancipation. Tories, however support the monarchy and the Church of England, and are against parliamentary and social reform, and catholic emancipation. Liberals and Tories are as opposite as hot and cold, you cannot be both. Finally, although the Tories were responsible for many reforms throughout 1822-27, the period 1815-1822 was not as repressive in comparison as once thought. The period 1822-1823 presented great change for the Tory party. In 1822, Canning replaced Castlereagh as foreign secretary; and Peel eplaced Sidmouth as Home secretary. In 1823, Robinson replaced Vansittart as Chancellor of the Exchequer; and Huskisson became the president of the board of trade. But although these men were new to their senior positions within the party, they were not new to the Tory government; the new men did not regard their position as an opportunity to challenge government philosophy-Evans. The argument that much of the groundwork for the reforms, adjustments and improvements had been put through in train by their allegedly reactionary predecessors and by themselves as subordinates. The real distinction is not philosophical but practical, Huskisson and Peel proved to be more able than their predecessors does not support the partys new title `Liberal Tory, and at the same time supporting the argument that the period 1815-1822 was not as repressive as once thought. Lord Liverpool, who was the British Prime Minister from 1812-1827 did not have the ability to create a new ideology, he was a consolidator rather then and innovator, and although he was responsible for keeping the Tory party together,(made evident by the gradual collapse of the Tory government after his resignation as Prime Minister in 1827, shortly before his death) he seemed happier to follow the guidelines of his predecessors then carry out any ideas of his own in order to try and improve the British economy. Liverpool has been accused of creating unrest by introducing the corn laws and the repeal of income tax, Liverpool was not strong enough to pass the policy of income tax through the government. Liverpools weaknesses support the title of `Liberal Tory because it shows how the new Prime ministers were able to improve the economic and social stability of the state. Between 1822-1827 there were many reforms set up, mostly economic and social. For example, the repeal of the combination laws and the legal reforms as well as the improvements in trade and the reductions in domestic duties. However, even though these reforms were liberal, there was no evidence of commitment to catholic emancipation and parliamentary reforms, which made the governments policies less liberal. The Tories appeared to have set up the economic and social reforms in order to strengthen their rule, and to distract the people from the lack of catholic emancipation and parliamentary reforms. Another argument against the title `Liberal Tory is that some historians believe that there was more consistency than originally thought if 1815-22 was less repressive and 1822-27 was less Liberal. This would mean that there was not such a drastic improvement in the stability of the country; and therefore the Tories would not have been as liberal as they had first appeared. The six acts in December 1819 were seen as one of the repressive acts between 1815-22, but the measures introduced were a commonsense reaction to a dangerous situation and deserve to be looked at in a more positive light in erms of their supposed severity on the radical threat to the regime. This quote supports the argument that the period 1815-22 was not as repressive as once thought. Also, although there were many reforms set up between 1822-27, parliamentary reforms and catholic emancipation were not addressed with any seriousness. This evidence suggests that there was more consistency between 1815 and 1827 because it appears that the first half of this time was not as repressive as once thought and the second half of this period was not as liberal as once thought. In conclusion, compared to the previous actions of the Tory overnment, the reforms set up between 1822 and 1827 were more liberal then they had been previously. However, the years 1815-1822 were less repressive then had previously thought, and although there had been many reforms in the later section that had helped to stabilise the state, there was no commitment to parliamentary reforms and catholic emancipation making the period 1822-1827 less liberal. This meant that overall there was more continuity in the years 1815-1827 and the policies and personalities of the members of the Tory cabinet had remained constant making the title `Liberal Tory less reliable.